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10 Differences between Eubacteria and Archaebacteria || Eubacteria vs Archaebacteria
Jan 25, 2023
10 Minute video comparing Eubacteria and Archaebacteria Please support us by subscribing using the link: https://bit.ly/3kG2kKf 00:00|| Introduction 00:10|| Similarities of Eubacteria and Archaebacteria 00:30|| Difference No:1 Definition of Eubacteria and Archaebacteria 01:37|| Difference No:2 Occurrence of Eubacteria and Archaebacteria 02:27|| Difference No:3 Cell wall of Eubacteria and Archaebacteria 03:44|| Difference No:4 Plasma membrane of Eubacteria and Archaebacteria 05:19|| Difference No:5 Ribosome of Eubacteria and Archaebacteria 05:50|| Difference No:6 Flagellum of Eubacteria and Archaebacteria 06:34|| Difference No:7 Flagellum of Eubacteria and Archaebacteria (archeallum) 07:08|| Difference No:8 Antibiotic sensitivity of Eubacteria and Archaebacteria 07:45|| Difference No:9 Photosynthesis and methanogenesis in Eubacteria and Archaebacteria 08:37|| Difference No:10 Initiator tRNA in Eubacteria and Archaebacteria 09:13|| Hami and cannulae of Archaebacteria 09:48|| Examples of Eubacteria and Archaebacteria 10:03|| Examples of Archaebacteria ============================================================ We really appreciate your support đź‘Ť Thank you so much:) @biologyexams4u
View Video Transcript
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Hi friends, hope you are fine. At the end of this discussion, you will be having a thorough
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understanding on the difference between eubacteria and archibacteria within 5 to 10 minutes
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Let's begin with the similarities. Both eubacteria and archibacteria are single-celled prokaryotic microorganisms. Prokaryotic means without a true nucleus as you see here and also
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without membrane bound organelles like mitochondria, colchia paratus etc. Now let us see the difference. Let's begin with the definition. U-bacteria are called true
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bacteria. U means true. They are large group of diverse bacteria with rigid cell
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wall with flagella in the case of motile bacteria as you see here DNA single
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circular chromosome that is distinct from archaebacteria. They are of different shapes as you see rod shaped maybe sometimes caucus as you see here if it is in chain we call
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it as a streptococcus in the case of archibacteria rk are called ancient bacteria it is considered
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to be an ancient form of life that evolved separately from bacteria and blue green algae
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with distinct characteristics archibacteria is a mysterious group of bacteria that shows
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characteristics of both eubacteria and also eukaryotes. In some recent classification system, because of the distinctiveness of this archaebacteria
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they are even considered as a kingdom. They also appear in different shapes
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under microscope as you see here. Difference number two regarding the occurrence. Eubacteria are found almost everywhere on earth. In freshwater, salt
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water human guts as parasites, as saprophytes and different modes of life
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Whereas Archibacteria mostly grows in extremely harsh environments, therefore also called as extremophiles. In highly acidic condition, in high temperature
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high salinity, some are methanogenic. In muds and marshes, they mostly prefer to
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grow in harsh environments, even in Dead Sea. But recent discoveries suggest that
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they are present to live everywhere from ocean floor to the cow gut. They are
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present everywhere in soil, in ocean and also inside organisms just like eubacteria
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Difference number three regarding the cell wall. The cell wall of eubacteria is
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made up of peptidoglycan As you see it is divided into gram and gram negative bacteria As you see the cell wall is made up of peptidoglycan In the case of gram bacteria there is an outer membrane
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that is made up of lipopolysaccharide. This peptidoglycan is made up of N-acetylglucosamine
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and N-acetylmuramic acid that is joined by short peptide bridges or short chain of amino acids
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as you see these are D amino acids D glutamine, lysine, alanine etc. Whereas
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archibacterial cell wall is quite distinct. It is composed of various polysaccharides and glyco conjugates. In some archibacteria there is pseudo
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peptoglycan. It is also called as pseudomurine. Instead of N acetyl muramic
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acid it contains N acetyl alo-saminauronic acid or NAT that is linked by
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peptide bridges or short peptide genes. They are called a pseudomurine or
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pseudopeptidoglycan as in the case of methanobacterium, methanobrevibacter etc. So they are having a distinct cell wall composition. Then the next major
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difference is in the plasma membrane. In the case of u-bacteria, as you see this
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is a phospholipid bilayer then this bilayer the glycerol is the gurality is
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D glycerol as you see the orientation this red color is a glycerol so the
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chirality is D glycerol this glycerol is connected to this fatty acid this is a
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fatty acid chain by ester linkage as you see this bonding in yellow color this is
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ester linkage and side chains are unbranched as you see it is made up of
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fatty acids so this is a plasma membrane of u bacteria whereas in
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archibacteria it may be it is often a monolayer sometimes rarely it can be a
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bilayer then the second difference is the glycerol is L glycerol as you see the
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orientation here it is D glycerol here the glycerol this this carbon or this
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CH2 is oriented to this side that is L glycerol then the bonding this glycerol
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is attached to this side chain by ether linkage the bonding is CO bond as you
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see here this is the ether linkage. Then the third difference is the side chains
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are made up of isoprene units. They are not made up of fatty acids, they are made
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up of isoprene units and also the side chains are branched So archibacteria has a unique plasma membrane composition that is quite different from u bacteria Difference number five regarding ribosome In the
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case of both u bacteria and archebacteria both with 70S ribosome made up of small
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subunit of 30S and large subunit of 50S forming a complete 70S ribosome but
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archeal ribosomes have a different shape than u bacterial ribosome with different
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protein composition making it unique. Therefore, RKL ribosomes are resistant to antibiotics that
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inhibit ribosomal function in U-bacteria. Defense number six regarding flagellum. U-bacteria, the flagellum is made up of a protein called flagellin. The rotation is proton driven
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Whereas in RK bacteria, it is having a distinctive flagellum. Now it is renamed as RKLM. It is not
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made up of flagellin it is made up of pseudopylin it has close similarity with the protein that
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makes pyelous in the case of u bacteria the structure that forms during sexual coagulation
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in the case of u bacteria and the rotation is ATP driven not proton driven so the flagellum is
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also unique in the case of rk bacteria now renamed as rk lm difference number seven RNA polymerase
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In eubacteria, there is a single RNA polymerase that is made up of five subunits as you see
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one two three four five so this is the structure whereas in archibacteria there is a single RNA
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polymerase that is made up of approximately 11 to 13 subunits that depends on the species
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and it is more similar to eukaryotic RNA polymerase too. So strong affinity towards
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eukaryotes in the case of RNA polymerase in the case of RK. Difference number 8
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regarding antibiotic sensitivity. Eubacteria is sensitive to antibiotics. We know this penicillin. Most eubacteria are sensitive to penicillin as this
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penicillin inhibits the pepto glycan synthesis or cell wall synthesis. Whereas as we said archibacterial cell wall is not made up of pepto glycan. Therefore
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Archaebacteria is insensitive to many antibiotics but it is susceptible to some other compounds or protein synthesis inhibitors like fucidic acid and
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imidazole derivatives. Difference number nine photosynthesis and methanogenesis in eubacteria cyanobacteria are photosynthetic eubacteria with the ability to evolve oxygen just like plants green plants Bacteriochlorophyll is involved in the process Methanogenesis is absent in eubacteria
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Whereas in the case of RK bacteria, oxygen evolving photosynthesis is absent. In the case of
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halobacterium, there is photosynthesis and bacteriorhodopsin is involved in photosynthesis. There are methanogens in the case of archibacteria or methane producing microbes and that produce
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methane or converts carbon dioxide to methane in their normal metabolism or methane is produced
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as a metabolic byproduct. So methanogenesis is common in archibacteria. Other differences include
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the initiator tRNA of protein synthesis in eubacteria is formulated or it is tRNA-FMET
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formulated methionine. Then capsules are present and outer covering that is made up of
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polysaccharides are present in most of eubacteria. Hami and cannulae are absent in eubacteria
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whereas in the case of RK bacteria this initiator tRNA is tRNA methionine
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without formulation just like eukaryotic initiator tRNA. Capsules are rare or absent. There are two specific structures that is unique to RK. The first
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one is hamii. This hook like projections arising from the cell surface that helps
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in cell to cell contact and also attachment to other surfaces in the case
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of RK bacteria. Then the second structure is called as cannulae. So these are hollow tube-like
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structures that helps in cell-to-cell attachment after cell division that helps in the formation
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of a network of cells. So these two structures cannulae and hami are unique to RK bacteria
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And finally let us conclude with some examples. New bacteria examples include E. coli, Streptococcus
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biogens, lactobacillus acidophilus that is in milk then cyanobacterium or blue green algae
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photosynthetic eubacteria then archaeobacteria includes halobacterium salinarum then salinibacter rubr and methanococcus janus g so these are some of the examples hope you are clear with the
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difference between eubacteria and archibacteria if you know anything additional please add that
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