Unit 1 - Cell Biology, Genetics and Molecular Biology.
1. Organisation of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells, comparison of plant and
animal cells, structure
of cell membranes, cell walls, fungal and bacterial cell walls, cell
permeability and different
types of transport across membranes
2. Structure and functions of cell organelles, techniques of cell,
fractionations, organisation of
viruses, bacteria and fungi. Microtubules, cilia, flagella and cuticles,
receptors, ligands and
messengers, cell communication and junction between cells, cell adhesion.
3. Structure of nuclear components/organisation of prokaryote and eukaryote
chromosomes,
hetero and euchromatin, introns, exons, transcription, replication and cell
cycle mechanisms,
mutations , transposons, abnormalities in chromosomes, mutagens
4. Oncogenes, Tumor inducers and suppressers, induction of Cancers, role of
viruses in
carcinogenesis, apoptosis, aging and senescence, Ras, Raf, MAP Kinase and
JAK/STAT pathway
5. Theories of genetics and heredity, Laws, punnett square, dosage
compensation, sex
determination, alleles Epistasis and epigenetics, mitochondria and chloroplast
genes.
Karyotyping, pedigree analysis and application linkage and crossing over,
polyploidy, mosaicism
6. Gene mapping – (Fist, deletion mapping, hybridisation experiments) DNA
Sequencing molecular
markers for mapping, mapping of bacterial genomes by conjugation, cuterrupted
mating,
transformation etc, genetics of drosophila
7. Population genetics – Natural selection, Hadry – weigberglw of generic
drift, migration,
molecular evolution and specification, molecular clock, punctuated equilibrium.
8. Error in DNA replication, repair mechanism SOS repair, proteins, enzymes and
processing
involved in DNA repair, DNA recombination, effects of mutation, control of cell
cycles – cyclin
dependant kinases, types and function of polymerases, reverse transcriptases
telomeres and
telomerases,
9. Mechanism and process of gene expression transcription, post transcription
processing,
translation , post –translational modification, chaperones and functional
proteins, regulation of
protein synthesis, structure of ribosomes,
10. Genomes of and proteins, oncogenes, operon systems, Avery –McCarty, MCLeod,
Hershy –
chase, Frnklin-Conrat Experiments, Watson & Crick and Hoogsteen base
pairing, supercoiled
DNA
Unit 2 - Biochemistry, Enzymology and
Biophysics and Instrumentation
1. Structure, classification and properties of carbohydrates, proteins, Lipids
and Nuclearic acids
2. Metabolism of carbohydrate – glycolysis, TC A cycles, gluconeogenesis,
pentose phosphate
pathway, glycogenesis and glycogenolysis, Biosynthesis of glucose, starch and
glycogen,
photosynthesis.
3.
Metabolism of Proteins. – Digestion and absorption, biosysnthesis and
degradation, urea cycle,
metabolism of nucleosides and nucleotide biosynthesis (including ATP,NAD, NADP,
FAD and
creatin phosphate), Metabolism of Lipids, Beta-oxidation, Ketone bodies,
Biosynthesis of lipids.
4. Muscle physiology, generation and transmission of nerve impulses, photo
chemical reactions,
photosynthesis
5. Classification of enzymes, active sites, co-enzymes, co-factors, mechanism
of catalysis, Michaelis
–Menten constant, Lineweaver- Burke plot, Eadie-Hoft see plot, scatchard plot,
factors affecting
activity.
6. Types of enzymes inhibitation, feedback and ping –pong mechanism. Regulators
of enzyme
activity, Zymogens and Isozymes. Enzyme technology – Techniques involved in
enzyme
immobilisation and their application, biosensors, enzymes in therapeutics,
Synzymes, Enzyme
engineering, isolation of enzymes, criteria for purity
7. Bioenergetics, principles of thermodynamics, physico-chemical molecular
interaction, polar and
non-polar molecules, role of ATP, GTP, creatin phosphate in biological energy
transfer.
8. Electromagnetic spectrum, bio-receptions of radions, Biophysics of vision,
and photosynthesis.
9. Beer- Lambert Law, Spectrophotometers, spectroscopy – mass and NMR
spectroscopy, X-ray
diffraction, Principles and application of different types of chromatography
(Adsorption, Paper
TLC, GC , ion exchange, affinity, partition gel permeation chromatography, HPLC
and GC, Flow
cytometry
10. Principles and application of centrifugation, pH meter, application of
radio-isotopes in research,
diagnostics and therapeutics.
Unit 3 - Microbiology, Immunology, Pharmaceutical Biotechnology
1.
Characteristic features, ultra structure and classification of (including
molecular taxanomy) of
bacteria, fungi, algae, protozoa and viruses.
2. Microbial culture, nutrition and growth kinetics of microbes
3. Human microbe interaction, control of micro organism – Physical and chemical
methods,
disinfectants, Antibiotics and Antibiosis.
4. History and Scope of Immunology, Types of immunity, Antigen and Antibody
interaction.
Structure/types and function of immunoglobulins, T & B Cell
differentiation.
5. Antigen recognition, activation of macrophages, cytokines, interleukins, HLA
in human health,
transplantation, Tumor immunology
6. Autoimmune disorder, vaccine development, immune diagnostics (ELISA, RIA,
Immuno
electrophoresis, immuno diffusion, Blotting Techniques)
7. Hybridoma technology, mono and polyclonal antibody production
8. Principles of phamacokinetics, drug-reception interaction dose-response
curves, agonist and
antagonist, reception driving interaction
9. Drug delivery, absorption/metabolism and excretion.
10. Pharmacogenomics, synthetic drugs, computer aided drug designing, major
enzymes involved
drug metabolism toxicity analysis.
11.
Drugs from natural sources – nutraceuticals, drugs and medicines produced by
biotechnology
(Humulin, alteplase, Hep-B Vaccine, Human growth Hormone etc.)
Unit 4- Genetic Engineering, Plant and Animal
Bio Technology, Biosafety, Bioethics and Regulation
1. Molecular tools in genetic engineering – vectors, restriction nucleases,
ligases, DNA Modifying
enzymes polymerases, Blunt and sticky – end DNA DNA adapters, restriction sites
RFLP, cDNA
and reverse transcription, (PCR types and application)
2. DNA Libraries gene cloning, recombination DNA and expression of recombinant
proteins,
chromosome, and DNA Sequence analyses, methods of sequencing DNA
Fingerprinting,
principles and application, site directed mutagenesis, knock outs and knock in
3. Application of genetic engineering – recombinant protein, forensic and
health science, in
agriculture and animal husbandry, diagnostics and gene therapy, molecular
markers and
reporters AFLP,STS,EST, GFP
4. Animal Cell culture – Techniques of isolation of cells, primary and
secondary culture,
establishment of cell lines, cell viability cytotoxity, nutrients and culture
media, contact
inhibition
5. Stem cells – types and applications, animal cloning, therapeutic cloning,
micromanipulation
transgenic animals – development and uses, ethical issues, cancer cells and
cell lines,
Bioreactors for animal cells.
6. Plant tissue culture – media – Techniques for mircropropagation, callus,
induction of shoot and
root – organogenesis – hardening – application in agriculture, cells suspension
culture, embryo
culture and rescue
7. Somatic hybridization, cybrids, protoplast fusion, somaclonal variants,
anther and pollen culture,
selection and development of plants for agriculture
8. Genetic Engineering in plants – role of vectors and mutants – Shuttle
vectors, Agrobacerium and
T1 Plasmid, Secondary metabolites and their uses, chloroplast transformation.
9. Good manufacturing practice, safety means in laboratory, Hazards in
Laboratory practices. Bio
hazards and risks of handling microbes and genetically altered organisms,
Biosafety cabinets and
LAF Chamber, First aid,
10. Bioethics and ethical issues in genetic engineering plant and animal bio
technology, increase of
transgenic organisms, gene therapy, cloning , prenatal testing, eugenics,
therapeutic cloning
UNIT 5 -Bioinformatics, Biostatistics Bioinformatics and computational biology, IPR ,
Patent laws in Biotechnology
1. Algebra of complex numbers, geometrical representation, arguments of complex
numbers,
cube roots of unity, Logarithm, Arithmetic and geometric progression, Quadratic
equation,
Binomial expression, Permutation and combination
2. Basic Concepts of co-ordinate geometry, Cartesian, co-ordinate, LOCI,
Circles, SET Theory,
Trigonometry, calculus
3.
Principles of Biostatistics – Sampling techniques, mean – Median and mode
standard deviation
and standard error, normal binomial and poison distribution, probability
4. Bar diagram, Pie charts, Histogram, frequency curves , tents of significance
– T test, Chi-Square
correlation and regression analysis
5. Basics of computers – MS.DOS, Windows, Linux, algorithm and Programming
binary language,
programming and machine languages C++ and Perl, Biological database, uses of
internet
6. History and development of Bio information, application of Bioinformatics
tools and software in
bioinformatics sequence analyser and interpretation, structure prediction and
applications
7. Structural Genomics- sequence analysis, gene finder, Human genome project
8. Intellectual property and IPR, Origin of IPR invention and discoveries,
Criteria of patenting,
copyrights, copy left, trademarks, geographical indicators.
9. Patenting of natural materials, products, patent ability of living organisms
and genetically
modified organism and plant breeders and farmers right, Licensing and
protection of patenting
rights.
10. Types of patents, patent laws, WTO patents advantages and disadvantages of
patenting, impact
on third world counties, ethics of imposing patents.
UNIT 6 -Environmental Biotechnology Food and
Diary Biotechnology, Bio Process Engineering, Nano bio Technology, Environmental microbiology
1. Scope of environmental biotechnology, role of pollutants and human
activities in environmental
degradation, pollution of air/water and land, types of pollution, impact of
pollution and
environmental degradation on man and nature, role of industries, BOD, COD
2. Water and waste water management, characteristic of water quality, organism,
Inorganic solid
and biological components of water bodies, Treatment of waste water activated
sludge,
fluidized beds & fillers role of microbes in waste water management.
3. Biodegradation and bioremediation – mechanism and process involved,
degradation process of
organic and inorganic compounds, dyes and microbial pollutants, Techniques of
bioremediation
use of beneficial microbes, biostimulation and bioaugmentation , uses of GMOs,
remediation of
polluted air, types of filler
4. Application of biotechnology in food processing, modifying enzymes –
amylases, proteases,
lipases, flavours and coloring agents, food preservation
5. Process involved in bowing, canning, sterilization, pasteurization and
packing of foods, quality
assessment and preservation, analysis of microbial content in milk, use of microbes
in producing
dairy products such as Cheese, butter, Yoghurt curd and other value added
products
6. Microbial products from starch, processing of meat, value addition of foods
using microbes,
fermented food and beverages
7. Designs and requirements in Bioreactors, methods of sterilisation of
fermentors, sensors and
devices for maintaining ideal culture condition, control of growth
characteristic, media
formulation, preparation of inoculum, scale up of cultures
8.
Types of reactors, stirred tank, airlift , fluidised bed, packed bed, batch,
fed batcher,
downstream processing to isolate products of interest, disposal of effluents,
products of
antibiotics, enzymes, organic acids, bioplastics alcohol, wine, SCP
9. Scope of nano biotechnology, biochips, microarrays implants and scaffolds
for tissue
regeneration, nano bioscience in pharmaceuticals, sunscreens and drug and gene
delivery
systems, characteristics of nano structures, composites, nanotubes and
nanofibres, building
blocks and templates.
10. Bio pesticides, Biofilms, Biogeotechnology, microbial enhancement of soil
fertility, role of
microbesin bio-geo cycles, nano-fertilizers.
Practice more:
