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Unit I: Reproduction in organisms
Reproduction,a characteristic feature ofallorganismsforcontinuation ofspecies;
Modes of reproduction –Asexual and sexual;Asexual reproduction; Modes- Binary fission,sporulation,
budding,gemmule,fragmentation;vegetativepropagationinplants.
Sexual reproduction in flowering plants: Flower structure; Development of male and female
gametophytes; Pollination–types, agencies and examples; Outbreedings devices; Pollen-Pistil interaction;
Double fertilization; Post fertilization events– Development of endosperm and embryo, Development of
seed and formation of fruit; Special modes– apomixis, parthenocarpy, polyembryony; Significance ofseed
andfruitformation.
Human Reproduction: Male and female reproductive systems; Microscopic anatomy of testis and ovary;
Gametogenesis- spermatogenesis & oogenesis; Menstrual cycle; Fertilisation, embryo development upto
blastocyst formation, implantation; Pregnancy and placenta formation (Elementary idea); Parturition
(Elementaryidea);Lactation (Elementaryidea).
Reproductive health: Need for reproductive health and prevention ofsexually transmitted diseases(STD);
Birth control- Need and Methods, Contraception and Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP);
Amniocentesis; Infertility and assisted reproductive technologies – IVF, ZIFT, GIFT (Elementary idea for
general awareness).
Unit II: Genetics and Evolution
Heredity and variation: Mendelian Inheritance; Deviations from Mendelism– Incomplete dominance, Co-dominance,
Multiple alleles and Inheritance of blood groups, Pleiotropy; Elementary idea of polygenicinheritance; Chromosome
theoryofinheritance;Chromosomesandgenes;Sexdetermination–Inhumans,birds,honeybee;Linkage andcrossing
over; Sex linked inheritance- Haemophilia, Colour blindness;Mendelian disorders in humans– Thalassemia;
Chromosomal disordersin humans;Down’ssyndrome, Turner’s andKlinefelter’ssyndromes.
MolecularBasisofInheritance:SearchforgeneticmaterialandDNAasgeneticmaterial;Structureof DNAand RNA;
DNApackaging; DNAreplication;Central dogma; Transcription, genetic code,translation;Geneexpressionand
regulation–Lac Operon; Genome and human genome project; DNA fingerprinting.
Evolution: Origin of life; Biological evolution and evidences for biological evolution (Paleontological, comparative
anatomy, embryology and molecular evidence); Darwin’s contribution, Modern Synthetic theory of Evolution;
Mechanismof evolution–Variation(Mutation andRecombination) andNatural Selection with examples, types of natural
selection;Geneflowandgeneticdirft;Hardy-Weinberg’sprinciple;Adaptive Radiation;Humanevolution.
Unit III: Biology and HumanWelfare
Health and Disease: Pathogens; parasites causing human diseases (Malaria, Filariasis, Ascariasis, Typhoid,
Pneumonia, common cold, amoebiasis, ring worm); Basic concepts of immunology–vaccines;Cancer, HIV and
AIDs;Adolescence, drug and alcohol abuse.
Improvement in food production: Plant breeding, tissue culture,single cell protein, Biofortification;Apiculture and
Animalhusbandry.
Microbes in human welfare: In household food processing, industrial production, sewage treatment, energy
generationandasbiocontrol agents andbiofertilizers.
Unit IV: Biotechnology and ItsApplications
Principles andprocessofBiotechnology:Geneticengineering(RecombinantDNAtechnology).
ApplicationofBiotechnologyinhealthandagriculture:Humaninsulinandvaccineproduction,genetherapy;
Geneticallymodifiedorganisms-Bt crops;TransgenicAnimals;Biosafetyissues–Biopiracyandpatents.
Unit V: Ecology and Environment
Organisms and environment: Habitat and niche; Population and ecological adaptations; Populationinteractions–
mutualism, competition, predation, parasitism; Population attributes–growth, birth rate and death rate, age
distribution.
Ecosystems: Patterns, components; productivity and decomposition; Energy flow; Pyramids of number,biomass,
energy; Nutrient cycling (carbon and phosphorous); Ecologicalsuccession; EcologicalServices– Carbon fixation,
pollination,oxygenrelease.
Biodiversityand its conservation:Concept ofBiodiversity;Patterns ofBiodiversity;Importance ofBiodiversity;Loss
of Biodiversity; Biodiversity conservation; Hotspots, endangered organisms, extinction, Red Data Book, biosphere
reserves,National parks and sanctuaries.
Environmental issues:Air pollution and its control;Water pollution and its control;Agrochemicals and their effects;
Solid waste management; Radioactive waste management; Greenhouse effect and globalwarming;Ozone depletion;
Deforestation; Any three case studies as success stories addressing environmental issues.
